وبلاگ بزرگ مقالات زمین شناسی

Risk Assessment of Chemicals

دانلود کتاب:در رابطه با شیمی

Publisher: Springer
Number Of Pages: 688
Publication Date: 2007-09
Sales Rank: 3196499
ISBN / ASIN: 1402061013
EAN: 9781402061011
Binding: Hardcover
Manufacturer: Springer
Studio: Springer

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Book Description:


This book is the 2nd edition of a book published in 1995. The first book was written parallel to major developments in the science of risk assessment following the introduction of EU-legislation on industrial chemicals in the period 1970-1995. The present edition reflects the progress and experience since 1995 and again aims at providing background and training material for a new generation of risk assessors, specifically for those who will be involved in implementing legislation in the EU (REACH, the new legislative framework for industrial chemicals) and, in addition, the USA, Japan and Canada. The book is an introduction to risk assessment of chemicals and contains basic background information on sources, emissions, distribution and fate processes for the estimation of exposure of plant and animal species in the environment and humans exposed via the environment, consumer products, and at the workplace. This book includes chapters on environmental chemistry, toxicology and ecotoxicology as well as information on data requirements, data estimation methodologies and intelligent testing strategies. It describes the basic principles and methods of risk assessment in the legislative frameworks of the EU, USA, Japan, and Canada. It also provides an overview of the OECD Chemicals Program. The book is intended to be used by those who are involved in risk assessment of chemicals in government, research institutes, academia and industry as well as by students in technology, health and environmental sciences.

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Riverbank Filtration

دانلود کتاب:در رابطه با علوم آب شناسی

Rock Joints

دانلود کتاب:درزه های سنگ

Rock Joints deals exclusively with the mechanical genesis of joints in rocks. It is aimed at a coherent, critical and comprehensible presentation of the underlying mechanical processes of various types of joints and joint systems. Special care is taken to elucidate and quantify the role of high fluid pressures in the formation of joints. The background is an offshoot of the author's courses on "Genesis of Rock Joints" in the Department of Rock Mechanics and Tunneling at the Technical University of Graz, Austria.

Rock Mechanics

دانلود کتاب:مکانیک سنگ

B.H.G. Brady, E.T. Brown, «Rock Mechanics» (3rd edition)
Springer | ISBN 1402020643 | 2004 Year | PDF | 24,23 Mb | 626 Pages
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“Although Rock Mechanics addresses many of the rock mechanics issues which arise in underground mining engineering, it is not a text exclusively for mining applications. It consists of five categories of topics on the science and practice of rock engineering: basic engineering principles relevant to rock mechanics; mechanical properties of rock and rock masses; design of underground excavations in various rock mass conditions; mining methods and their implementation; and guidelines on rock mechanics practice. Throughout the text, and particularly in those sections concerned with excavation design and design of mining layouts, reference is made to computational methods of analysis of stress and displacement in a rock mass. The principles of various computational schemes, such as boundary element, finite element and distinct element methods, are considered. This new edition has been completely revised to reflect the notable innovations in mining engineering and the remarkable developments in the science of rock mechanics and the practice of rock engineering that have taken place over the last two decades. Based on extensive professional, research and teaching experience, this book will provide an authoritative and comprehensive text for final year undergraduates and commencing postgraduate students. For professional practitioners, not only will it be of interest to mining and geological engineers but also to civil engineers, structural and mining geologists and geophysicists as a standard work for professional reference purposes. ”

Soil Mineral Microbe-Organic Interactions

دانلود کتاب: کانی های موجود در خاک و اثر متقابل میکرو ارگانیزمهای خاک بر آن

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Hardcover: 354 pages
Publisher: Springer; 1 edition (July 2008)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 3540776850
ISBN-13: 978-3540776857

Product Description

The book presents the latest research findings and prospects on soil mineral-organic matter-microorganism interactions. It includes topics covering mechanisms of transformations, dynamics and bioavailability of heavy metals, radionuclides, biomolecules and nutrients immobilized on soil minerals, humic substances, mineral-humic complexes and microorganisms and their impact on plant, animal and human health. The book contains six parts: 1) Transformation and dynamics of pollutants in soil environments, 2) Chemical, biological and biochemical processes in the rhizosphere, 3) Bioavailability of metals and xenobiotics immobilized on soil components, 4) Distribution and activity of biomolecules in terrestrial systems, 5) Interactions between soil microbial biomass and organic matter/nutrient transformations, and 6) Impact of interactions among soil mineral colloids, organic matter and biota on risk assessment and restoration of terrestrial ecosystems.

Solving Algebraic Computational Problems in Geodesy and Geoinformatics 

دانلود کتاب:حل مسائل الگوریتمی در ژئودزی و ژئوانفورماتیک

Springer; 1 edition (January 12, 2005) | ISBN: 354023425X | 333 pages | PDF | 2,8 Mb
The book presents modern and efficient methods for solving Geodetic and Geoinformatics algebraic problems using computer algebra techniques of Ring, polynomials, Groebner basis, resultants, Gauss-Jacobi combinatorial and Procrustes algorithms. Although these problems are traditionally solved by approximate methods, this book presents alternative algebraic techniques based on computer algebra tools. This new approach meets such modern challenges as resection by laser techniques, solution of orientation in robotics, transformation and bundle block adjustment in geoinformatics, densification of engineering networks, analytical solution for GPS-meteorology and many other problems. For mathematicians the book provides some practical examples of abstract algebra application and multidimensional scaling.

Spatial Data Modelling for 3D GIS 

دانلود کتاب: مدل سازی داده های فضایی جهت جی آی اس سه بعدی

Publisher Springer-Verlag
Author(s) Morakot Pilouk
ISBN 3540741666
Release 01 November 2007

This book covers fundamental aspects of spatial data modelling specifically on the aspect of three-dimensional (3D) modelling and structuring. Realisation of “true” 3D GIS spatial system needs a lot of efforts, and the process is taking place in various research centres and universities in some countries. The development of spatial data modelling for 3D objects is the focus of this book. The book begins with some problems and motivations, the fundamental theories, the implementation, and some applications developed based on the concepts. The book is intended for various geoinformation related professionals like GIS engineers, GIS software developers, photogrammetrists, land surveyors, mapping specialists, researchers, postgraduate students, and lecturers.


     

Stability of Tropical Rainforest Margins 

دانلود کتاب:مقاومت سواحل در مناطق گرمسیر بارانی

From the reviews:

The 22 chapters of the book are organized in three parts.  In summary, Stability of Tropical Rainforest Margins presents a broad overview of the research area and can be recommended to anybody concerned with conservation and use of tropical rainforest from graduate students to senior scientists.  Each chapter provides extensive lists of references which might be of help for further readings in the specific field of research. A number of flow-charts, photos and figures illustrate the research questions." (Nina Farwig, Basic and Applied Ecology, Issue 9, 2008)

Tropical rainforests disappear at an alarming rate causing unprecedented losses in biodiversity and ecosystem services. The stability of rainforest margins has an ecological and socio-economic dimension, and understanding the multidisciplinary nature of land-use changes in tropical rainforest margins is the key to identifying development objectives such as mitigation of biodiversity loss and poverty reduction. The chapters in this book cover a broad range of topical research areas, from impacts of different forest-use intensities, sustainable management of agroforestry to integrated land-use concepts.

Thermal Analysis in the Geosciences

دانلود کتاب:آنالیز حرارتی در زمین شناسی

Publisher:   Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
Number Of Pages:   391
Publication Date:   1991-08
Sales Rank: 
ISBN / ASIN:   3540545204
EAN:   9783540545200
Binding:   Paperback
Manufacturer:   Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
Studio:   Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K

Thermodynamics in Mineral Sciences

دانلود کتاب: ترمودینامیک در بلورشناسی

Title: Thermodynamics in Mineral Sciences: An Introduction
Author: Ladislav Cemic
Publisher: Springer
Publication Date: 2005-09-19
Number Of Pages: 386
Average Amazon Rating:
Summary:
The subject of this book are natural systems where thermodynamic processes take place as a result of changes in temperature, pressure and composition. The basic concepts are discussed on low level trying to preserve the mathematical rigor. Calculated examples using data from the mineralogical literature are given to elucidate the difficult and very abstract matter of thermodynamics. The book is aimed for students of geology, mineralogy, material science and all other interested readers who deal with solid matter.

Thrust Belts and Foreland Basins

دانلود کتاب:کمربندهای تراستی و حوضه های فورلند

What is the important geologic information recorded in Thrust Belts and Foreland Basins (TBFB) on the evolution of orogens? How do they transcript the coupled influence of deep and surficial geological processes? Is it still worth looking for hydrocarbons in foothills areas? These and other questions are addressed in the volume edited by Lacombe, Lavé, Roure and Vergés, which constitutes the Proceedings of the first meeting of the new ILP task force on "Sedimentary Basins", held in December 2005 at the Institut Français du Pétrole, on behalf of the Société Géologique de France and the Sociedad Geologica de España. This volumes spans a timely bridge between recent advances in the understanding of surface processes, field investigations, high resolution imagery, analogue-numerical modelling, and hydrocarbon exploration in TBFB. With 25 thematic papers including well-documented regional case studies, it provides a milestone publication as a new in-depth examination of TBFB.

Trace Elements from Soil to Human 

دانلود کتاب: تاثیرات عناصر کمیاب موجود در خاک بر سلامتی انسان

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By Alina Kabata-Pendias, Arun B. Mukherjee,

* Publisher: Springer
* Number Of Pages: 576
* Publication Date: 2007-03-01
* Sales Rank: 1529859
* ISBN / ASIN: 3540327134
* EAN: 9783540327134
* Binding: Hardcover
* Manufacturer: Springer
* Studio: Springer
* Average Rating:
* Total Reviews:


Description:
The authors review the key features of trace elements in soils, plants and the food web on which human beings survive. Currently, the quality of food is highlighted and has become a subject of broad studies of various disciplines. Minor inorganic constituents of food, trace elements, are of special interest due to their specific properties in both abiotic and biotic environmental compartments. Hence, there is a need for comprehensive information on the distribution of trace elements in given environmnetal compartments and organisms.

The authors' intention is to summarize up-to date interdisciplinary data for the concise presentation of our understanding of trace-element transfer in the chain from soil to man. Geochemical processes and information on international legislation on trace elements as both micronutrients and contaminants in soil and food are presented in parallel and are related to ecology and health risk assessments.

Tsunamis

دانلود کتاب: تسونومی

Tsunami: The Underrated Hazard, 2nd Edition, comprehensively describes the nature and process of tsunami formation, outlines field evidence for detecting the presence of past events, and describes notable events linked to earthquakes, volcanoes, submarine landslides, and comet impacts. The author provides a clear approach to the study of tsunami, through dynamics, impact on coastlines, and overviews of the various major mechanisms of tsunami generation. Liberal case studies and examples highlight the significance of this underrated natural hazard for coastal societies. In particular, Dr Bryant studies in detail the great tsunami that struck the Indian Ocean on 26 December 2004, making it one of the largest natural disasters to occur in recorded history.

The book is divided into four parts. Part I considers tsunami as a known hazard, starting in Chapter 1 with legends and stories and questioning whether they are scientific fact or legend. Dr Bryant looks at the causes of tsunami, their distribution and fatalities in the Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas, the Pacific Ocean, New Zealand and Australia as well as in bays, fjords, inland seas and lakes. Chapter 2 studies the dynamics of tsunami, their characteristics, the wave theory and the run-up and inundation. In Part II tsunami-formed landscapes are examined, showing both the depositional and erosional signatures of tsunami in the coastal landscape, including chevrons and dune bedforms. The coastal landscape evolution is looked at in Chapter 4, comparing catastrophism against uniformitarianism and tsunami versus storms. Examples and types of coastal landscapes created by tsunami, particularly in Australia, Grand Cayman, the Bahamas and Chilean coast are also given. Part III looks at the main causes of tsunami: earthquakes, great landslides, volcanic eruptions and comets and meteorites. The modern risk of tsunami is covered in Part IV, detailing locations and avoidance, including warning systems. Dr Bryant ends this unique study of a fascinating subject with five stories of different tsunamis.

Tsunami: The Underrated Hazard, 2nd Edition, comprehensively describes the nature and process of tsunami formation, outlines field evidence for detecting the presence of past events, and describes notable events linked to earthquakes, volcanoes, submarine landslides, and comet impacts. The author provides a clear approach to the study of tsunami, through dynamics, impact on coastlines, and overviews of the various major mechanisms of tsunami generation. Liberal case studies and examples highlight the significance of this underrated natural hazard for coastal societies. In particular, Dr Bryant studies in detail the great tsunami that struck the Indian Ocean on 26 December 2004, making it one of the largest natural disasters to occur in recorded history.

The book is divided into four parts. Part I considers tsunami as a known hazard, starting in Chapter 1 with legends and stories and questioning whether they are scientific fact or legend. Dr Bryant looks at the causes of tsunami, their distribution and fatalities in the Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas, the Pacific Ocean, New Zealand and Australia as well as in bays, fjords, inland seas and lakes. Chapter 2 studies the dynamics of tsunami, their characteristics, the wave theory and the run-up and inundation. In Part II tsunami-formed landscapes are examined, showing both the depositional and erosional signatures of tsunami in the coastal landscape, including chevrons and dune bedforms. The coastal landscape evolution is looked at in Chapter 4, comparing catastrophism against uniformitarianism and tsunami versus storms. Examples and types of coastal landscapes created by tsunami, particularly in Australia, Grand Cayman, the Bahamas and Chilean coast are also given. Part III looks at the main causes of tsunami: earthquakes, great landslides, volcanic eruptions and comets and meteorites. The modern risk of tsunami is covered in Part IV, detailing locations and avoidance, including warning systems. Dr Bryant ends this unique study of a fascinating subject with five stories of different tsunamis.

Tunnelling and Tunnel Mechanics

دانلود کتاب: حفر تونل و مکانیک تونل

ISBN: 3540251960
Author: Dimitrios Kolymbas
Publisher: Springer ; 1st edition (September 26, 2005)
Publication Date: 2005-09-26
Number Of Pages: 437
Average Amazon Rating: 4.0

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Summary
The book covers not only practical aspects but also the underlying theoretical approaches. It also covers the fundamentals of rock mechanics. It addresses not only students but also professionals who are interested to understand the underlying principles and methods and - possibly - to further develop them. Emphasis is given to the mechanical approach rather than to hardly tractable empirical statements. The text is concise and as far as possible complete and comprises a large list of citations. Publications of the English and German speaking scientific communities have been taken into account.

Table of Contents
1 Introduction 3
2 Installations in tunnels 31
3 Investigation and description of the ground 57
4 Heading 75
5 Support 131
6 Grouting and freezing 159
7 The new Austrian tunnelling method 171
8 Management of groundwater 177
9 Application of compressed air 197
10 Subaqueous tunnels 203
11 Shafts 211
12 Safety during construction 217
13 Behaviour of soil and rock 235
14 Stress and deformation fields around a deep circular tunnel 271
15 Supporting action of anchors/bolts 305
16 Some approximate solutions for shallow tunnels 313
17 Stability of the excavation face 329
18 Earthquake effects on tunnels 335
19 Settlement of the surface 339
20 Stability problems in tunnelling 349
21 Monitoring 353
22 Numerical analysis of tunnels 365
A Physics of detonation 379
B Support of soil with a pressurised fluid 385
C A simple analytical approximation for frost propagation 387
D Rigorous solution for the steady water inflow to a circular tunnel 393
E Aerodynamic pressure rise in tunnels 397
F Multiphase model of reinforced ground 399
G Deformation of a tunnel due to seismic waves 403
H A rational approach to swelling 405

Upscaling Multiphase Flow in Porous Media

دانلود کتاب:بررسی جریان سیالات در خلل و فرج ها

ISBN: 1402035136
Title: Upscaling Multiphase Flow in Porous Media: From Pore to Core and Beyond
Author: by D.B. Das (Editor), S.M. Hassanizadeh (Editor)
Publisher: Springer; 1st edition (August 5, 2005)
Publication Date: 2005-08-05
Number Of Pages: 257

Vegetation-Climate Interaction

دانلود کتاب: تقابل اقلیم و زندگی گیاهی

Publisher: Springer
Number Of Pages: 232
Publication Date: 2007-05
Sales Rank: 1204743
ISBN / ASIN: 3540324917
EAN: 9783540324911
Binding: Hardcover
Manufacturer: Springer
Studio: Springer

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Book Description:


This book offers a readable and accessible account of the way in which the world's plant life partly controls its own environment. Starting from the broad patterns in vegetation which have classically been seen as a passive response to climate, the authors build up from the local scale - with microclimates produced by plants - to the regional and global scale. The influence of plants (both on land and in the ocean) in making clouds, haze and rain are considered, along with plant effects on the composition of greenhouse gases in the earth's atmosphere. Broad global feedbacks that either stabilize or destabilize the earth's environment will be explored, in the context of environmental change in the recent geological past, and in the near future. Common contentions and misconceptions about the role of vegetation or forest removal in the spread of deserts will also be considered.

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Volume 3 Anthropogenic Compounds Part K

دانلود کتاب: پیدایش و تکامل انسان

Description:
The book gives an overview of properties and research methods of new persistent organic chlorine and bromine compounds which have been observed as potential environmental hazards especially as bioaccumulated xenobiotics, but intensively studied only recently. Sources from product uses, industrial processes, wastes, emissions or metabolic transformations are reviewed. Physical and chemical properties and degradation rates useful for environmental fate predictions are given. Observations of levels and trends in environmental compartments are presented. Analytical methodologies and biological effects are described in detail. Compounds reviewed include planar PCBs, PCB metabolites, alkylaromatic chlorohydrocarbons (from pulp chlorobleaching and substitutes of PCBs ), polybrominated biphenyls, polychlorinated and polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated terphenyls, naphthalenes, dibenzothiophenes and paraffins, toxaphene and tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane derivatives.

Wavelets in the Geosciences

دانلود کتاب: بررسی امواج در زمین شناسی

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Paperback: 241 pages
Publisher: Springer; 1 edition (December 22, 2005)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 3540669515
ISBN-13: 978-3540669517
File type : PDF
File size : 18 MB

Book Description

This book contains state-of-the-art continuous wavelet analysis of one and more dimensional (geophysical) signals. Special attention is given to the reconaissance of specific properties of a signal. It also contains an extension of standard wavelet approximation to the application of so-called second generation wavelets for efficient representation of signals at various scales even on the sphere and more complex geometries. Furthermore, the book discusses the application of harmonic (spherical) wavelets in potential field analysis with emphasis on the gravity field of the Earth. Many examples are given for practical application of these tools; to support the text exercises and demonstrations are available on the Web.

Geology and Habitability of Terrestrial Planets

دانلود کتاب: زمین شناسی و بررسی پتانسیل سکونت سیارات زمین مانند

By Kathryn E. Fishbaugh, Phillipe Lognonné, François Raulin, David J. Des Marais, Oleg Korablev, K.E. Fishbaugh, D.J. Des Marais, O. Korablev, P. Lognonné, F. Raulin

Publisher: Springer
Number Of Pages: 306
Publication Date: 2007-11-28
ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0387742875
ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780387742878
Binding: Hardcover

Given the fundamental importance of and universal interest in whether extraterrestrial life has developed or could eventually develop in our solar system and beyond, it is vital that an examination of planetary habitability goes beyond simple assumptions such as, "Where there is water, there is life." This book has resulted from a workshop at the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, Switzerland (5-9 September 2005) that brought together planetary geologists, geophysicists, atmospheric scientists, and biologists to discuss the multi-faceted problem of how the habitability of a planet co-evolves with the geology of the surface and interior, the atmosphere, and the magnetosphere.

Each of the six chapters has been written by authors with a range of expertise so that each chapter is itself multi-disciplinary, comprehensive, and accessible to scientists in all disciplines. These chapters delve into what life needs to exist and ultimately to thrive, the early environments of the young terrestrial planets, the role of volatiles in habitability, currently habitable (but possibly not inhabited) geologic environments, the connection between a planet's inner workings and the habitability of its surface, and the effects on planetary atmospheres of solar evolution and the presence or absence of a magnetosphere.

This book serves as a useful reference for those who plan missions that will hunt for biomarkers (especially on Mars), for biologists and geoscientists who seek a broader view of the story, and for researchers and upper level students interested in an in-depth review of the geologic evolution of terrestrial planets, from their cores to their magnetospheres, and how that evolution shapes the habitability of the planetary surface.

Geology and Ecosystems

دانلود کتاب:زمین شناسی و اکوسیستم

By Igor S. Zektser, Brian Marker, John Ridgway, Liliya Rogachevskaya, Genrikh Vartanyan

Publisher: Springer
Number Of Pages: 392
Publication Date: 2005-11-16
ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0387292926
ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780387292922
Binding: Hardcover

This book is the result of an international working group entitled Geology and Ecosystems that was organized by the IUGS commission on Geological Sciences for Environmental Planning (COGEOENVIRONMENT). The aim of the working group is to increase awareness and build methodological principles of ecological geology as a new branch of science. This book includes the analysis of the relationship between the different geological, hydrochemical, hydrogeological, and engineering-geological processes and the processes within surface ecosystems. Modern engineering activity associated with the mining of minerals, excessive groundwater withdrawal, disposal of industrial and domestic liquid wastes (including radioactive wastes) and their impacts on all components of the environment are analyzed, as is the "water factor" impact on ecosystems. It is intended as a professional update for all scientists and professionals with an interest in the Earth's environments and environmental protection.